What military doctrine relies on the idea that a country can successfully retaliate after a nuclear attack?

The concept referred to in the question is known as Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD). This military doctrine emerged during the Cold War and is based on the understanding that if two opposing sides both possess nuclear capabilities, a nuclear attack by one would result in a full-scale retaliatory strike by the other. This creates a scenario where both sides would face total annihilation, thus serving as a deterrent against the initial use of nuclear weapons.

The principle of MAD underscores the importance of maintaining a credible nuclear retaliatory capability as a means of preventing nuclear conflict in the first place. This doctrine relies heavily on the assumption that a rational actor would avoid initiating a nuclear attack if they know that it would lead to their own destruction. This strategic stability created by the fear of mutual destruction is what has kept nuclear powers from engaging in direct military conflict.

Understanding MAD is crucial for comprehending the dynamics of international relations during the nuclear age, as it has influenced military planning, diplomatic negotiations, and arms control discussions throughout the years.